Burgundy wines

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History of wines from Burgundy

The history of Burgundy wines dates back to the Roman era, with archaeological evidence showing viticulture in the region as early as the second century AD. The Celts may have introduced wine-making practices before the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC. The Romans further developed vineyards, and by the end of the first century AD, Burgundy's vineyards were flourishing.

The advent of Christianity and the nobility's practice of donating vineyards to the Church significantly influenced Burgundy wine-making. Monastic orders like the Benedictines and Cistercians played a crucial role in refining viticultural practices and categorizing vineyards based on their terroir. The Cistercians created the Clos de Vougeot, Burgundy's largest wall-surrounded vineyard, in 1336, laying the foundation for the region's terroir-driven winemaking.

The Burgundy wine industry continued to evolve under the House of Valois, which ruled as Dukes of Burgundy from the 14th to the 15th centuries. This era saw the first reliable references to grape varieties, with Pinot Noir mentioned in 1370. The nobility acquired extensive vineyards, and the quality of roads improved in the 18th century, facilitating commerce in Burgundy wines. The French Revolution fragmented vineyard ownership, leading to the complex land divisions seen today.

Terroir of Burgundy

The terroir of Burgundy is characterized by its diverse and unique environmental features. The region spans approximately 120 miles, with varying latitudes and climates, ranging from cool continental in the north to warm continental in the south. This diversity is reflected in the soils, which include limestone, clay, marl, and gravel. The specific combination of these elements, along with the region's topography and exposure, contributes to the complexity and nuance of Burgundy wines.

The terroir also influences the grape varieties, particularly Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, which thrive in Burgundy's conditions. The region's terroir-driven winemaking emphasizes the unique qualities of each vineyard plot, known as "Climats." These plots, often just a few meters apart, can significantly impact the flavor profiles of the wines. The result is a rich tapestry of wines that express the subtle variations of Burgundy's terroir, making each wine a distinct reflection of its specific location.

Top grapes in Burgundy

Pinot Noir

Pinot Noir is the premier grape variety in Burgundy, celebrated for its ability to produce some of the world's most exquisite red wines. This grape is particularly sensitive to the region's terroir, which imparts unique characteristics that are highly prized by wine enthusiasts. The thin-skinned nature of Pinot Noir results in light-colored, medium-bodied wines with high acidity and complex aromas of cherries, raspberries, and earthy undertones. The best expressions of Pinot Noir come from the prestigious vineyards of the Côte d'Or, where the intricate interplay of climate, soil, and traditional winemaking techniques culminates in wines of exceptional depth and longevity.

Chardonnay

Chardonnay reigns as the most important white grape in Burgundy, where it is transformed into some of the most revered white wines globally. From the limestone-rich soils of the region, Chardonnay develops a distinct profile that balances richness with acidity, often enhanced by oak aging to add complexity and texture. The grape's versatility is showcased in the varied expressions from different appellations, ranging from the minerally Chablis in the north to the opulent and buttery Meursault in the Côte de Beaune. These wines are celebrated for their precision, elegance, and ability to age gracefully, making them a favorite among collectors and connoisseurs alike.

Gamay

Gamay, although more famously associated with the Beaujolais region immediately south of Burgundy, also plays a significant role in Burgundy itself, particularly in the Beaujolais and Mâconnais areas. In Burgundy, Gamay is often blended with Pinot Noir to create lighter, fruitier red wines that are approachable in their youth. The grape thrives on the granite and sandy soils of the region, which contribute to the vibrant fruit flavors and floral aromas. Gamay wines are typically less tannic than those made from Pinot Noir, offering a softer alternative that pairs well with a wide range of foods and is perfect for casual drinking.