Alsace wines
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Your guide to Alsace
History of wines from Alsace
Alsace's wine history dates back over a thousand years, with over 100 vineyards in the region by the 12th century. The region's unique terroir, influenced by its semi-continental climate and diverse soils, has shaped the production of aromatic white wines. Germanic influence has also played a significant role, with Alsace being the only Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) region in France to produce mostly varietal wines, similar to those in Germany.
Throughout its history, Alsace has experienced repeated changes in nationality, alternating between French and German control. This has resulted in a blend of French and German winemaking traditions. The region's wines were traditionally dry, but in recent decades, there has been a trend towards producing wines with more residual sugar, particularly late harvest and dessert-style wines.
The modern era of Alsace wine production began with the awarding of AOC status in 1962. This led to the recognition of 51 Grand Crus, each with strict geological and climatic criteria. The region's unique geology, featuring 13 distinct soil types, contributes to the diverse character of its wines. Today, Alsace is renowned for its high-quality, varietally pure wines, particularly Riesling and Gewürztraminer, which reflect the region's terroir and winemaking traditions.
Terroir of Alsace
The terroir of Alsace is characterized by its unique geological diversity, which significantly influences the wines produced in the region. The area is situated between the Vosges and Rhine faults, resulting in a rich tapestry of soils from the Proterozoic eon to the Quaternary period. Key soil types include Vosges sandstone, Muschelkalk limestone, granite, marl, schist, and gravel, each contributing to the distinct flavor profiles of the wines. The varied terroirs range from the steep south-facing slopes of Grand Cru Pfersigberg to the east-facing slopes of Lieu-dit Altengarten, each with its own microclimate and soil composition.
The climate in Alsace is semi-continental, with the Vosges Mountains creating a rain shadow that allows for a long, sunny growing season. This dry and sunny climate, particularly pronounced in the southern part of the region, enables grapes to ripen well and develop complex flavors. The cool nights ensure high levels of refreshing acidity, which is a hallmark of Alsace wines. The combination of these geological and climatic factors, along with traditional viticulture practices, results in wines that are both aromatic and mineral-rich, reflecting the unique terroir of Alsace.
Top grapes in Alsace
Riesling
Riesling is a white grape variety originating from the Rhine region. It is known for its high acidity and ability to produce exquisite dry to sweet wines with great longevity. In Alsace, Riesling expresses a unique terroir-driven character, often showcasing mineral and floral notes, with a crisp finish. This grape is particularly revered for its precision in reflecting Alsace's diverse soils, making it a favorite among wine enthusiasts who appreciate its complexity and versatility.
Gewurztraminer
Gewurztraminer, with its distinctive aromatic profile, is another star of Alsace. This grape variety produces highly aromatic wines that are rich in lychee, rose, and spice aromas, making it instantly recognizable. In Alsace, Gewurztraminer wines are often off-dry or sweet, balancing the grape's natural spiciness with a lush, velvety texture. These wines are excellent for pairing with spicy foods and strong cheeses, showcasing how well they can complement a variety of dishes while still standing out on their own.
Pinot Gris
Pinot Gris in Alsace is markedly different from its Italian counterpart, Pinot Grigio. In Alsace, this grape is harvested later, resulting in a richer and more full-bodied wine. The wines typically exhibit flavors of ripe tropical fruits, honey, and a hint of smokiness, supported by a robust structure and a smooth finish. Pinot Gris from Alsace is often enjoyed for its depth and complexity, making it a popular choice for those seeking a white wine with the presence and weight more commonly associated with red wines.